Sinkhole risk mapping and early warning: the case of Camaiore (Italy)

Introduction: Sinkholes are ground collapses that can cause significant damage to infrastructure and buildings. Part of the risk represented by sinkholes is related their abruptness difficulty in spotting advance exact location within a sinkhole-prone area. For this reason, urban planning informed an accurate mapping monitoring one most effective ways reduce risk. Methods: In study, we propose two-folded procedure based on examination displacement data measured ground-based interferometric radar generation sinkhole zonation map. We examined 11 years’ worth search for precursors. The analysis was averaged time series retrieved from high-coherence pixels scattered around Camaiore, Italy, test site where catastrophic occurred 1995. To generate map, evaluated susceptibility map as derived set predisposing environmental parameters, vulnerability thickness sedimentary cover be linked collapse, value elements at Italian Real Estate Market Observatory integrated with land information non-built up areas. Results: revealed Camaiore had not experienced subsidence relatable incoming monitored period. However, few cm vertical movements, which well correlated water table oscillations, have been expected same order magnitude precursor deformations. This implies phenomenon size velocity 1995 event could likely detected before its final collapse. identified specific areas should closely using situ remote sensing instrumentation. Discussion: generated study used inform management strategies. also shows potential detect precursors importance integrating different mitigation approaches. Overall, provide insights assessment